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Reading XII of XII · Act 49 of 2023

Act No.
XLIX
of MMXXIII

॥ मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त ॥

The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 CEC and Other ECs Appointment Act

— Electoral · in force —

Law File
49
2023
in force
Why this Act matters

Replaced the SC-mandated PM + LoP + CJI panel with PM + LoP + a Cabinet Minister.

passed · voice SC challenge CJI · removed

Indicator Stamps

Built 15 May 2026
days · intro to assent
140
legislative velocity
debate hours · both Houses
floor time
Rajya Sabha vote
vote record pending
Lok Sabha vote
vote record pending
committee referral
none
pre-enactment scrutiny
current status
in force
record state

The law answered the Supreme Court by creating a statutory panel that removed the Court from the room.

Editorial reading

Lifecycle · Act 49 of 2023

— first reading to living record —
Date-scaled lifecycle timeline from 2023 to 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Bill tabled · RS Act in force — living record —

The pitch was that Article 324 expected Parliament to make a law on appointment of Election Commissioners. After the Supreme Court created an interim committee in Anoop Baranwal, Parliament had to occupy the field.

The controversy was the substitution. The Court’s interim panel included the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India. The Act replaces the Chief Justice with a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.

The Bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in August 2023 and passed in December. The winter-session context mattered: like other late-2023 institutional Bills, it moved through Parliament while the opposition benches were depleted.

The law answered the Supreme Court by creating a statutory panel that removed the Court from the room.

Editorial reading
  1. Selection Committee. The President appoints the CEC and ECs on recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
  2. Search Committee. A committee headed by the Law Minister prepares a panel of names.
  3. Eligibility. Candidates are drawn from persons who hold or have held posts equivalent to Secretary to the Government of India.
  4. Term. The CEC and ECs hold office for six years or until age sixty-five, whichever is earlier.
  5. Service conditions. The Act regulates salary, conditions of service, removal, and transaction of business.
  • 2 Mar 2023Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal created an interim appointment committee including the CJI.
  • 10 Aug 2023Bill introduced in Rajya Sabha.
  • 21 Dec 2023Parliament passed the Bill.
  • 28 Dec 2023President gave assent.
  • 14 Mar 2024Two Election Commissioners were appointed under the new law after Arun Goel resigned.
  • 1 Feb 2025The appointment framework became central again as succession to the CEC office came due.
what we still do not know

The constitutional test is pending: whether a law that formally includes the opposition but gives the executive two seats on a three-member panel protects Election Commission independence.

In Support

Supporters read the Act as Parliament finally doing what Article 324 contemplated: legislating an appointments process.

Support reading

In Critique

Critics read it as statutory override of the Supreme Court's independence safeguard, restoring executive dominance over appointments.

Critique reading

The Election Commission’s credibility depends not only on who is appointed, but on whether the appointment process is visibly insulated from the government competing in elections.